Devices and technologies

An overview of invasive and non-invasive systems for hemodynamic monitoring and measurement.

Device	Type	Location	Measurement	Derived Variables	Duration	Characteristics	Status	Manufacturer
Blood pressure cuff	Device	Multi-setting	Systolic and diastolic pressure, HR	Mean pressure	Procedural	Inflatable cuff with attached pressure sensor	Approved	Omron, Welch Allyn (Baxter) and many more
Pressure transducer	Sensor	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	Continuous pressure	–	–	Disposable and reusable versions. Typically piezoresistive pressure sensor in Wheatstone bridge configuration.	Approved	BBraun, BD, Codan, Merit, Elcam, ICU Medical, Memscap, Utah Medical, Lepu
Verical	Calibration Device	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	Pressure	–	Procedural	Device designed for pressure transducer calibration verification.	Approved	Utah Medical
Patient monitor	Device	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	Supplies power (voltage/current) to sensors and devices for measurement acquisition.	TDCO, PCCO	–	Stationary and portable	Approved	Dräger, GE, Philips, BD, Mindray, Retia, Lepu, medical ECONET, Wellue, Nihon Kohden, Welch Allyn (Baxter), Vygon
Arterial catheter	Catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	AP	CO, SV	Days to weeks	2.5 – 5 cm, 2 – 3 F 15 – 20 cm, 3 – 7 F	Approved	BBraun, Teleflex, Vygon, Delta Med, Argon
Central venous catheter	Catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	CVP	–	Days to weeks	15 – 30 cm, 4 – 12 F, Single- and multi-lumen	Approved	BBraun, Teleflex, Kimal, Merit, ICU Medical, Lepu Medical,
Swan-Ganz (RHC)	Catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	CVP/RAP, PAP, PCWP, SvO2	TDCO, SV, PVR, SVR	As long as required (Days) with increasing risks after 72h	110 cm, 5 – 8 F	Approved	BD, Biosensors, BBraun, Teleflex, Bisping, Merit
Swan-Ganz IQ	Catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	CVP/RAP, RVP, PAP, PCWP, SvO2	TDCO, SV, PVR, SVR, RVCO	As long as required (Days) with increasing risks after 72h	110 cm, 8 F	Approved	BD
Mikro-Cath	Non-lumen catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	Any pressure	–	<24h	120 cm, 3.5 F tip, 2.3 F catheter	Approved	Millar
Pressure Wire	Guidewire with sensor	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	Any pressure	FFR, Gradient	Procedural	~1 Fr, 175 – 300 cm	Approved	Philips, Boston Scientific, Haemonetics, Abbott, Bisping
Conductance catheter	Catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab	RVP and RVV or LVP and LVV	Ees, Ea, V0 and additional PV Loop parameters	Days	4F, 7F	Approved	CD Leycom
CorLog	Non-lumen catheter	OR, ICU, Cath Lab, Ward	RAP or RVP	EF, Coupling	30 days	30 – 40 cm, 3 Fr catheter with attached electronics. Pacemaker design.	CE approved	emka medical
Intracardiac Echocardiogaphy Catheter (ICE)	Imaging Catheter	Cath Lab	Area, 2D Image, 3D Image	See Echocardiography	Procedural	9F – 12.5 F	Approved	Philips, GE, Siemens
IVUS Catheter	Imaging Catheter	Cath Lab	Area		Procedural	3 – 9 F, 90 – 150 cm	Approved	Philips, Boston Scientific
Chronicle	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	RVP	CO	Years	Similiar design as pacemaker	Discontinued	Medtronic
HeartPOD	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	LAP	–	Years	Similiar design as pacemaker	Discontinued	St. Jude
Titan	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	RVP, LVP, LAP	–	Years	18 – 30 mm	Discontinued	ISS
CardioMEMS	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	PAP	–	Years	3.5 x 2 x 15 mm + Nitinol wires	Approved	Abbott
Cordella	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	PAP	–	Years	4 x 2 x 20 mm + Nitinol wires	Approved US	Endotronix/Edwards
V-LAP	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	LAP	–	Years	18 x 18 mm	Investigational	Vectorious
Norm	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	IVC Diameter	–	Years		Investigational	Fire1
Pulsense	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	PAP	–	Years		Investigational	Precision Cardiovascular
Microtech	Implantable sensor	Ambulatory	LAP + others	–	Years	Ultrasound powered	Investigational	Medinol
Echocardiography	Imaging Device	OR, Echo Lab, Ward, ICU	See below	See below	Procedural	TEE or TTE, hand-held or cart-based.	Approved	GE, Philips, Siemens, Fuji, Canon, Mindray, Esaote
M-Mode	Imaging Mode	See Echocardiography	Distance	Thickness, Diameter, TAPSE, MAPSE	Procedural	See Echocardiography	Approved	See Echocardiography
2D-Echo (B-Mode)	Imaging Mode	See Echocardiography	2D Image	Area, Distance, FAC	Procedural	See Echocardiography	Approved	See Echocardiography
3D-Echo	Imaging Mode	See Echocardiography	2D Image, 3D Image	2D Variables + EF, SV, EDV, ESV	Procedural	See Echocardiography	Approved	See Echocardiography
Doppler-Echo	Imaging Mode	See Echocardiography	Velocity	Flow, Pressure	Procedural	See Echocardiography	Approved	See Echocardiography
Speckle-Tracking	Imaging Mode	See Echocardiography	Speckles	Strain	Procedural	See Echocardiography	Approved	See Echocardiography
MRI	Imaging Device	Radiology	Area, Volume, Flow	EF, SV, EDV, ESV	Procedural	Room sized. Fixed installation. Incompatible with ferromagnetic materials.	Approved	GE, Siemens, Philips, Canon, Hitachi, Fuji
Cardiac CT	Imaging Device	Radiology	Area, Volume	EF, SV, EDV, ESV	Procedural	Room sized. Fixed installation.	Approved	GE, Siemens, Philips, Canon, Arineta
Telemetry Monitor 5500	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	ECG, PPG	HR, SpO2,	Days	Smartphone sized.	Approved	Philips
Starling Fluid Management Monitoring System	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	Bioreactance	CO, SV, HR	Days		Approved	Baxter
Electrical Cardiometry	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	Bioimpedance	CO, SV, HR	Days		Approved	Osypka
VitalStream	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	PPG Pulse decomposition and Fingercuff	CO, SV, HR, NIBP	Days		Approved	Caretaker Medical
ClearSight	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	PPG, Fingercuff	CO, SV, HR, MAP	Days		Approved	BD
SAVE Sensor	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	SCG, PCG, PPG, ECG	RAP, PAP, PCWP	Years	Smartphone sized.	Investigational	Acorai
Cardiotag	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	SCG, PPG, ECG	PCWP, CO, SV	Years		Sensor Approved	Cardiosense
Corvista	Device	multi-setting	PPG, ECG	PH, CAD	Procedural		Approved US	Corvista Health
Seerlinq	Non-invasive sensor	Ambulatory	PPG	PCWP	Procedural	Fingerclip	Approved EU, Available Slovakia	Seerlinq
Vivio	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	ECG, NIBP	LVEDP	Procedural			Ventric Health
CoreSafe One	Non-invasive sensor	multi-setting	ECG, SCG, PCG	HR, RR, CBP	Procedural		Approved EU	CORE-SAFE MEDICAL
Heartflow One	Imaging Software	Radiology	–	FFR	NA	Uses CCTA data.	Approved	Heartflow
EchoGO	Imaging Software	Echo Lab	–	HFpEF	NA	Uses apical 4-chamber image.	Approved	Ultromics
3D Auto RV	Imaging Software	Echo Lab	–	EF, SV, EDV, ESV	NA		Approved	TomTec/Philips
HeartFocus	Imaging Software	Echo Lab, multi-setting	–	–	Procedural	AI guidance for capturing heart scans.	Approved	HeartFocus
Mac-Lab	Software with Hardware	Cath Lab	NA	Hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters	NA		Approved	GE
Interventional Cardiology Workspace (Xper IM)	Software with Hardware	Cath Lab	NA	Hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters	NA		Approved	Philips
LabChart	Analysis Software	Research	NA	Hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters	NA		Research	AD Instruments
ecgAUTO	Analysis Software	Research	NA	Hemodynamic and electrophysiological parameters	NA		Research	emka TECHNOLOGIES
Harvi	Simulation Software	Educational	NA	NA	NA	An interactive textbook and simulation-based environment for learning about cardiovascular physiology, hemodynamics and therapeutics	Educational	harvi dynamics
Shock Calcs	Calculators	Educational	NA	NA	NA	Resources and tools to learn, assess, and manage shock and hemodynamics.	Educational	ShockCalcs
Circ Adapt	Simulation Software	Educational	NA	NA	NA	CircAdapt is a mathematical model of the human heart and circulation. It enables real-time simulation of cardiovascular system dynamics in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological situations.	Educational	CircAdapt
Pulso Pump	Hemodynamic Simulator	Research and Education	NA	NA	NA	The PULSO pulse duplicator is a compact and programmable dual pump capable of controlling and accurately replicating any type of pulsatile flow of the human vascular system.	Research and Education	Pulso
PPG-601A	Frequency Generator	Engineering	NA	NA	NA	The Flometrics Pressure Pulse Generator & Attenuation Testing Device (PPG-601A) is an all-in-one system for testing frequency response and attenuation of transducers, catheters and other pressure-sensing devices.	Engineering	Flometrics

Abbreviation	Definition
NA	Not applicable
OR	Operating room
ICU	Intensive care unit
HR	Heart rate
AP	Arteria pressure
CO	Cardiac output
TDCO	Thermodilution CO
RVCO	Right ventricle CO
PCCO	Pulse contour CO
CVP	Central venous pressure
RAP	Right atrial pressure
RVP	Right ventricular pressure
PAP	Pulmonary artery pressure
PCWP	Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
LVP	Left ventricular pressure
RVV	Right ventricular volume
LVV	Left ventricular volume
PVR	Pulmonary vascular resistance
SVR	Systemic vascular resistance
RVCO	Right ventricle cardiac output
NIBP	Non-invasive blood pressure
SV	Stroke volume
EDV	End-diastolic volume
ESV	End-systolic volume
EF	Ejection fraction
SCG	Seismocardiography
PCG	Phonocardiography
PPG	Photoplethysmography
ECG	Electrocardiography
TTE	Transthoracic Echocardiography
TEE	Transesophageal Echocardiography
BWG	Birmingham Wire Gauge
CCTA	Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography
PICC	Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter

French [Fr]	Millimeter [mm]	BWG [Ga]	Millimeter [mm]
1	0.333	30	0.31
2	0.667	28	0.36
3	1	26	0.46
4	1.333	24	0.56
5	1.667	22	0.71
6	2	20	0.89
7	2.333	18	1.25
8	2.667	16	1.65
9	3	14	2.11
10	3.333	12	2.77
11	3.667	10	3.40
12	4	–	–
13	4.333	–	–
14	4.667	–	–
15	5	–	–
16	5.333	–	–
17	5.667	–	–
18	6	–	–
19	6.333	–	–
20	6.667	–	–
21	7	–	–

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